Fast Adaptive Robust Differentiator Based Robust-Adaptive Control of Grid-Tied Inverters with a New L Filter Design Method

In this research, a new nonlinear and adaptive state feedback controller with a fast-adaptive robust differentiator is presented for grid-tied inverters. All parameters and external disturbances are taken as uncertain in the design of the proposed controller without the disadvantages of singularity and over-parameterization. A robust differentiator based on the second order sliding mode is also developed with a fast-adaptive structure to be able to consider the time derivative of the virtual control input. Unlike the conventional backstepping, the proposed differentiator overcomes the problem of explosion of complexity. In the closed-loop control system, the three phase source currents and direct current (DC) bus voltage are assumed to be available for feedback. Using the Lyapunov stability theory, it is proven that the overall control system has the global asymptotic stability. In addition, a new simple L filter design method based on the total harmonic distortion approach is also proposed. Simulations and experimental results show that the proposed controller assurances drive the tracking errors to zero with better performance, and it is robust against all uncertainties. Moreover, the proposed L filter design method matches the total harmonic distortion (THD) aim in the design with the experimental result

A biomechanical comparison of two cephalomedullary nails; one using a single lag screw with antirotator blade and a nail using two lag screws for unstable intertrochanteric fractures

Background: Implant choice for fixation of intertrochanteric fractures remains controversial despite being one of the most commonly performed operations. Although use of sliding hip screws is still considered a gold standard in treatment of these fractures, there is a wide tendency in using cephalomedullary nails because of their biomechanical superiority over sliding hip screws. This trial was initiated in order to compare the biomechanical properties of two different cephalomedullary nails, aPFN and the PROFIN under axial loading, based on the questions that can a single lag screw with an antirotator blade render better rotational stability? Is there a difference between one lag screw or two lag screws with respect to superior migration or cut-out of the screws? And do different nail designs cause different types of failure and what are the pros and cons of classical and new designs from the view point of biomechanical aspects?Methods: Ten pairs of third generation synthetic bone models simulating unstable intertrochanteric fracture were used for biomechanical testing.Results: No posterior displacement of screws was recorded in both groups suggesting rotational unstability.  There was not a significant difference between forces values loaded at the time of failure.Conclusions: Although there was no statistically significant difference between compressive strengths at the time of failure, aPFN may provide equal rigid fixation with less possible cut-out which may have an important consequences in real clinical applications

Cytokine Profiles of Chronic Urticaria Patients and the Effects of Omalizumab Treatment

Introduction: Cytokines are key mediators in immunological and inflammatory conditions, including chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). Objectives: To investigate Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokine profiles in CSU and to evaluate the possible effect of omalizumab treatment. Methods: Patients who were followed up for CSU, as well as healthy volunteers, were included in the study. To assess urticaria activity, the 7-day-Urticaria Activity Score (UAS-7), the Urticaria Control Test (UCT), and the Chronic Urticaria Quality of Life Questionnaire (CU-QoL) were filled. Serum levels of IL-6, IL-17, IL-31, eotaxin, RANTES, TNF-α, and TSLP were analyzed by ELISA and compared in CSU and control groups. The patients were analyzed in two groups as the omalizumab group and the non-omalizumab group based on their treatment status.   Results: Total IgE, ESR, CRP, RANTES, and TNF-a were significantly different in the overall comparison of the three groups: CSU-receiving omalizumab, CSU-not receiving omalizumab, and control groups (P <0.01, 0.015, <0.01, <0.01 and <0.01 respectively). Total IgE, CRP, RANTES, and TNF-α values were similar in those who received and did not receive omalizumab, yet these biomarkers were significantly higher in both groups than in the control group (P < 0.05). Statistical significance in ESR was observed only between the CSU-receiving omalizumab group and the control group (P = 0.01). Within the CSU patients, there was a slight but significant correlation between UCT and TNF-α (P = 0.008, r = 0.32) and IL-17 (P = 0.06, r = 0.33) levels. Conclusions: The investigated cytokine profile in CSU patients may differ from healthy controls, particularly with the higher levels of RANTES and TNF-α, and omalizumab treatment does not seem to affect that profile in CSU patients

Extramembranous transfer of the tibialis posterior tendon for the correction of drop foot deformity

Objectives: We evaluated the effectiveness of extra-membranous transfer of the tibialis posterior (TP) tendon for the treatment of drop foot deformity

Minimally invasive management of unstable proximal femoral extracapsular fractures using reverse LISS femoral locking plates

The efficacy of the reverse Less Invasive Plating System in the management of unstable proximal femoral extracapsular fractures was retrospectively evaluated. Twenty-seven patients with complex proximal femoral fractures were identified. There were three open fractures. The mean age was 71 years (range; 65-79). The mean follow up was 24 months (range; 15-32). The main outcome measures were union, union time, requirement for secondary procedures, development of deep infection, pain, and functional impairment. Nonunion was observed in one patient. The average Harris hip score at the last assessment was 73 points (range 58-85). The outcome was adversely affected by concomitant medical problems, anatomical reduction and fixation of the plate. The use of this plate in the management of proximal femoral fractures of all types may be a safe and alternative method to other treatment options. (Hip International 2009; 19: 141-7

An Unusual Orthopaedic Disease: Sarcoidosis-A Case Report

Sarcoidosis is an idiopathic, noncaseating granulomatous disorder with wide systemic involvement. It is encountered widely around the world and it affects both sexes, all the races in all age groups. Lungs, eyes, and skin are the organs most commonly affected. Constitutional features such as weight loss, fatigue, and myalgia are the most common symptoms. Bone involvement, which is very rare, was reported as present in 3 to 13% of effected cases, and it is most commonly seen in hands and feet, compared with long bone involvement, which is extremely rare. We hereby present a case with a diagnosis of sarcoidosis and multiple bone involvement emphasizing the importance of differential diagnosis

Anatomic Course of the Superficial Branch of the Radial Nerve in the Wrist and Its Location in Relation to Wrist Arthroscopy Portals: A Cadaveric Study

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the course of the superficial branch of the radial nerve (SBRN) at the level of the wrist and its branches in relation to wrist arthroscopy portals. Methods: Dissections were performed on I I hands from 6 cadavers in the section starting from the point where the SBRN begins to emerge and ending at the terminal branches of the dorsal hand. The distribution of the SBRN, the distance from the superficial branch to the dorsal portals used in wrist arthroscopy, and the distance from the superficial branch to the anatomic determinants (styloid process of the radius, Lister tubercle) were studied. Results: At the level of the wrist, the nerve bifurcated into 2 branches in 8 of I I wrists (73%) and into 3 branches in 3 of I I wrists (27%). The mean distance from the SBRN where it was first detected proximal to the Lister tubercle was 73 mm. The mean distance between the styloids was 52 rum; the distance between the Lister tubercle and styloid process of the radius was 23 trim. At the wrist level, the distance from the branch closest to the radial side to the Lister tubercle was 28 mm (L-D 1), 21 mm (L-D2/3), and 7 mm (RS-D1). The distance of the closest nerve branch to the 3-4 portal was 9 min. The distances of the other portals were 5 mm (1-2RMC-D1), 8 min (1-2RMC-D2/3), 8 mm (1-2P-D1), and 9 mm (1-2P-D2/3). Conclusions: The limited size of the area where portals can be positioned and the anatomic variations between individuals are major obstacles in developing a guideline for reducing the risk of SBRN injury in wrist arthroscopy. Clinical Relevance: Great care must be taken when using the 1-2 portal. We suggest making a skin-only incision for this portal and then using blunt dissection to help prevent injury to the SBRN